Vitamin B12 — a micronutrient often overshadowed by folic acid and iron — is quietly emerging as a critical player in maternal health. Recent medical insights now reveal that B12 deficiency in pregnant women may trigger a chain reaction of complications affecting both mother and child, from fetal development issues to long-term metabolic risks.
Despite its importance, vitamin B12 deficiency remains underdiagnosed, particularly in women from vegetarian or low-income backgrounds. Doctors warn that the effects aren’t just limited to fatigue or anemia — they can extend to serious prenatal and postnatal consequences.
How B12 Deficiency Affects the Pregnant Body
During pregnancy, the body’s demand for vitamin B12 increases significantly, as it plays a central role in red blood cell formation, neurological development, and DNA synthesis. A deficiency can quietly impair these critical functions.
“Vitamin B12 is essential for fetal brain and spine development. A shortage during pregnancy can increase the risk of neural tube defects, low birth weight, and developmental delays,” explains Dr. Aarti Mehrotra, a prenatal nutritionist based in Delhi.
Additionally, low B12 levels may disrupt the mother’s metabolism, raising the risk of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia — both conditions that could lead to premature delivery.
The Hidden Impact on Fetal Growth
Emerging research suggests that insufficient B12 may restrict fetal growth, leading to babies born underweight or with weakened immunity. In some cases, it may even influence the child’s future risk of obesity, Type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases — part of what experts now call “fetal programming.”
A recent study conducted by a public health research team in South Asia linked low maternal B12 levels with increased inflammation and insulin resistance in newborns.
From Fertility to Full Term: The B12 Connection
The influence of vitamin B12 may begin even before pregnancy. Gynecologists are observing a rising correlation between B12 deficiency and difficulties in conception, recurrent miscarriages, and hormonal imbalances in women of reproductive age.
Dr. Naina Choudhury, an obstetrician in Mumbai, notes, “I’ve seen cases where correcting B12 levels helped restore fertility in women who had been trying to conceive for years.”
At-Risk Groups and What Can Be Done
Vegetarian and vegan mothers, patients with autoimmune conditions, and those with gastrointestinal disorders like celiac or Crohn’s disease are more susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency. Additionally, prolonged use of certain medications — including metformin or antacids — may impair B12 absorption.
Experts recommend routine screening for vitamin B12 in prenatal care, especially for women with dietary restrictions. Supplementation through oral tablets or injections can restore healthy levels within weeks.
Final Takeaway
Vitamin B12 may not receive as much attention as folic acid or iron, but its role in pregnancy is undeniable. Ensuring adequate intake — whether through animal-based foods, fortified cereals, or supplements — is not just about preventing anemia. It’s about securing a healthier future for both mother and child.
As the medical community continues to learn more about micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy, one thing is clear: no nutrient should be overlooked — especially one as vital and overlooked as vitamin B12.
